AN ECONOMIC EVALUATION OF COTTON AND PEANUT RESEARCH IN SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

The purpose of this study was to utilize the economic surplus framework for evaluating the impact of investment in agricultural research. The economic impact measures used in this study were the total benefits and distribution of those benefits associated with investment in agricultural research. These results were used to calculate an internal rate of return on the investments. The focus of the research was on cotton and peanuts in the Southeast region of the United States. Two equations were estimated to determine the impacts of the money being spent on the research efforts of these two commodities. The results revealed positive benefits to consumers and producers exceeded the investment amount in each year for both commodities in the period. The total social benefits averaged about 201 million (1982) dollars annually for cotton research. Peanut research averaged about 191 million (1982) dollars resulting form research investment. The internal rates of return were 23.87 percent for cotton and 53.58 percent for peanuts, suggesting that past research investments produced a high return to society. This result does not conflict the results of other similar studies as those mentioned in the literature review.Research and Development/Tech Change/Emerging Technologies,

Call Me, Maybe? The Seventh Circuit\u27s Call in Motorola Mobility

This Note seeks to establish that the Seventh Circuit should have held in Motorola Mobility that the FTAIA’s “direct . . . effect” requirement is satisfied when a foreign subsidiary suffers a harm due to anticompetitive activity abroad and there exists a reasonably proximate causal nexus between that harm and the domestic effect in the United States. Furthermore, the “gives rise to” requirement of the FTAIA sufficiently accounts for concerns of international comity and, under the facts of this case, causes Motorola’s claim to fail. Part I explores the history of the Sherman Antitrust Act and its international application before and after the FTAIA, beginning with American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co. and extending through Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. California. Part II describes the statutory language of the FTAIA. Part III discusses the consensus of the circuits that, after Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., the FTAIA goes to the merits of a plaintiff’s claim. Section IV.A will discuss the recent circuit agreement regarding the second prong of the FTAIA—when an injury “gives rise to” a claim under the Sherman Act. Section IV.B will analyze the two competing tests for determining whether the “direct . . . effect” requirement—the first prong of the FTAIA—has been satisfied and will argue that the “reasonably proximate causal nexus” test is the appropriate standard. Part V will apply this standard to the facts in Motorola Mobility and will ultimately conclude that the “direct effects” requirement was satisfied but that the domestic effect failed to “give rise to” a Sherman Act claim, with the conclusion that the Seventh Circuit should have administered its holding in accordance with this reasoning

Wrestling with the Effects of Title IX: Is It Time to Adopt New Measures of Compliance for University Athletic Programs - Chalenor v. University of North Dakota

The Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit, following the Department of Education’s policy interpretation and other circuit courts of appeals, held that the University of North Dakota did not violate the men’s wrestling team members’ and recruits’ rights under Title IX when it eliminated the men’s varsity wrestling program. The circuit courts of appeals outside the Eighth Circuit had held that eliminating an athletic progam of an over-represented gender to make athletic opportunities between genders substantially proportionate was a satisfactory means of compliance with Title IX. The Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals reviewed these holdings in developing its opinion. This Note examines how Title IX compliance can be achieved in the context of athletic opportunities in universities and other educational institutions that receive federal financial support. It also looks at how the goals of Title IX could be more efficiently achieved by revising the policy interpretations that give guidance for complying with the statute

Keynote Address

This afternoon, I want to touch briefly on a number of issues rather than discuss one or two to death. I chose this approach because it seemed an appropriate way to open a conference. I also chose it because I hope I can convince you that intelligence and international law interact in a way that simultaneously strengthens the law and improves intelligence; that law matters, especially in time of war; and that both good intelligence and good law have one common core value: integrity. So that you will have a sense of the perspective that I bring to this, I should begin with a very brief history of how I got into the intelligence busines

Call Me, Maybe? The Seventh Circuit\u27s Call in Motorola Mobility

This Note seeks to establish that the Seventh Circuit should have held in Motorola Mobility that the FTAIA’s “direct . . . effect” requirement is satisfied when a foreign subsidiary suffers a harm due to anticompetitive activity abroad and there exists a reasonably proximate causal nexus between that harm and the domestic effect in the United States. Furthermore, the “gives rise to” requirement of the FTAIA sufficiently accounts for concerns of international comity and, under the facts of this case, causes Motorola’s claim to fail. Part I explores the history of the Sherman Antitrust Act and its international application before and after the FTAIA, beginning with American Banana Co. v. United Fruit Co. and extending through Hartford Fire Ins. Co. v. California. Part II describes the statutory language of the FTAIA. Part III discusses the consensus of the circuits that, after Arbaugh v. Y & H Corp., the FTAIA goes to the merits of a plaintiff’s claim. Section IV.A will discuss the recent circuit agreement regarding the second prong of the FTAIA—when an injury “gives rise to” a claim under the Sherman Act. Section IV.B will analyze the two competing tests for determining whether the “direct . . . effect” requirement—the first prong of the FTAIA—has been satisfied and will argue that the “reasonably proximate causal nexus” test is the appropriate standard. Part V will apply this standard to the facts in Motorola Mobility and will ultimately conclude that the “direct effects” requirement was satisfied but that the domestic effect failed to “give rise to” a Sherman Act claim, with the conclusion that the Seventh Circuit should have administered its holding in accordance with this reasoning

An application of multiattribute decision analysis to the Space Station Freedom program. Case study: Automation and robotics technology evaluation

The results are described of an application of multiattribute analysis to the evaluation of high leverage prototyping technologies in the automation and robotics (A and R) areas that might contribute to the Space Station (SS) Freedom baseline design. An implication is that high leverage prototyping is beneficial to the SS Freedom Program as a means for transferring technology from the advanced development program to the baseline program. The process also highlights the tradeoffs to be made between subsidizing high value, low risk technology development versus high value, high risk technology developments. Twenty one A and R Technology tasks spanning a diverse array of technical concepts were evaluated using multiattribute decision analysis. Because of large uncertainties associated with characterizing the technologies, the methodology was modified to incorporate uncertainty. Eight attributes affected the rankings: initial cost, operation cost, crew productivity, safety, resource requirements, growth potential, and spinoff potential. The four attributes of initial cost, operations cost, crew productivity, and safety affected the rankings the most